College of Landscape Architecture and Art, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China, Innovation Center of Engineering Technology for Monitoring and Restoration of Ecological Fragile Areas in Southeast China, Ministry of Natural Resources, Fuzhou 350013, China, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agriculture University, Guangzhou 510642, China, School of Modern Agriculture and Environment, Weifang Institute of Technology, Weifang 262500, China, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China. Zimmer J, Lange B, Frick JS, Sauer H, Zimmermann K, Schwiertz A, et al.. A vegan or vegetarian diet substantially alters the human colonic faecal microbiota. Coupled with the increase in intestinal permeability, these molecules then travel systemically. The diversity of the microbiota appears to have an important association with BMI, obesity, and arterial compliance; and a majority of the research suggests that a plant-based diet fosters a greater microbial diversity. Other effect of SCFAs is to increase thermogenesis, preventing/treating obesity (80, 81). These are all factors that have been shown to possibly modify our microbiota. Escherichia coli, certain Bacteroides, some Enterococcus, Lactobacillus agilis, certain Peptostreptococcus spp. The The new PMC design is here! permission is required to reuse all or part of the article published by MDPI, including figures and tables. Carnitine and choline are the precursors of TMAO and are primarily found in foods of animal origin (eggs, beef, pork), with lower amounts found in beans and fish (99). Angiogenins: a new class of microbicidal proteins involved in innate immunity. p = 0.008). The stand age was negatively correlated with the tree-layer richness index. Ecologically, sebaceous areas had greater species richness than moist and dry ones. Data presented in this review is a composite of both observational and experimental studies on humans, germ free and humanized mice. Microorganisms 2022, 10, 2072. The gut microbiota, especially Gram-negative organisms like Bacteroides are shown to activate intestinal dendritic cells (DCs), which induces plasma cells in the intestinal mucosa to express secretory IgA (sIgA)[89]. [51], The most effective (60 to 80% reduction) antimicrobial washing is with ethanol, isopropanol, and n-propanol. They were equally successful in anxiety reduction and were more effective than the escitalopram in maintaining healthy metabolism and body weight.55 Though researchers have not determined the mechanism of action in humans, those who studied probiotics in rats found that oral ingestion of Bifidobacterium infantis resulted in increased tryptophan, a serotonin precursor,9 and GABA.56, Despite treatment with multiple antidepressants, each with different methods of action, roughly 20% of patients do not show improvement in reduction of anxiety or depressive symptoms.57 The human and mouse studies cited above indicated that probiotics normalize cortisol levels, regulate the HPA axis and reduce circulating pro-inflammatory cytokines. [17] Working in concert with the Human Microbiome Project, the Belly Button Biodiversity Project also studies the connections between human microbiomes and the factors of age, sex, ethnicity, location[17] and overall health. The difference in gut microbiota composition between individuals consuming a vegan/vegetarian and an omnivorous diet is well documented. Discussions will provide a conceptual and historical framework for understanding their 1) origin and evolution; 2) morphological, metabolic, and molecular characteristics; 3) genetic and physiological diversity; 4) importance in human/animal/plant health; and 5) roles in One study compared US children eating a Western diet to Bangladeshi children consuming a plant-based diet of rice, bread, and lentils. Prevention of gut leakiness by a probiotic treatment leads to attenuated HPA response to an acute psychological stress in rats, Role of the microbiota in immunity and inflammation, Postnatal microbial colonization programs the hypothalamic-pituitaryadrenal system for stress response in mice. The .gov means its official. Fermented foods, microbiota, and mental health: Ancient practice meets nutritional psychiatry, A review of fermented foods with beneficial effects on brain and cognitive function. Tryptophan catabolites from microbiota engage aryl hydrocarbon receptor and balance mucosal reactivity via interleukin-22. Populations of bacteria that increase in response to a high animal protein diet when compared to subjects consuming a meatless diet are typically bile-tolerant microorganisms, such as Bacteroides and Clostridia (64). The prebiotic effects differ due to the type of bacteria that each fiber is broken down by. [36], Acne vulgaris is a common skin condition characterised by excessive sebum production by the pilosebaceous unit and inflammation of the skin. Le Chatelier E, Nielsen T, Qin J, Prifti E, Hildebrand F, Falony G, Almeida M, Arumugam M, Batto JM, Kennedy S, et al. There was also an increase in the production of the SCFAs[144]. Microbiota refers to the entire population of microorganisms that colonizes a particular location; and includes not just bacteria, but also other microbes such as fungi, archaea, viruses, and protozoans[].Significant interest have evolved on the gut microbiota in the recent years within the scientific community; and the gut microbiota have been associated No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. [37][38], Current treatment includes topical and systemic antibacterial drugs which result in decreased P. acnes colonisation and/or activity. Even though Prevotella and Bacteroides are taxonomically and functionally similar, higher abundance of Prevotella indicates an agrarian diet that was consumed by the African children. Acellular food, e.g., sugar, has been shown to induce inflammation in young infants, adolescents, women of child-bearing age, and older adults. The enterotypes also possess other specific metabolic functions. Polyphenols exist as glycosylated derivatives bounded with sugars such as glucose, galactose, rhamnose, ribulose, arabinopyrinose and arabinofuranose. Another interesting example of microbiome induced drug metabolism is the microbial -glucoronidase induced deconjugation of the anticancer drug irinotecan that can contribute to its toxicities such as diarrhea, inflammation and anorexia[72]. Before We suggest that the vegetation area of remnant patches within a radius of 5002000 m should be appropriately increased to protect plant diversity, and the negative effects of road disturbance should also be considered. [61] There is also low level of variation between people that is not found in gut studies. Specifically, a decreased Bacteroidetes:Firmicutes ratio has a strong negative correlation with BMI (rs = 0.59, P < 0.001) (31). Introduction. PRR-MAMP (pattern recognition receptor- Microbe Associated Molecular Patterns) cross-talk results in activation of several signaling pathways that are essential for promoting mucosal barrier function, and production of AMPs, mucin glycoproteins and IgA. Li Y, Innocentin S, Withers DR, Roberts NA, Gallagher AR, Grigorieva EF, et al.. Exogenous stimuli maintain intraepithelial lymphocytes via aryl hydrocarbon receptor activation. An imbalance of the gut microbiota has been linked with gastrointestinal conditions such as reflux, peptic ulcers, irritable bowel syndrome, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, and inflammatory bowel disease. Treatment for as little as two weeks created an appreciable decrease in ACTH and corticosterone levels in rats, illustrating the suppressive effects of probiotics on HPA axis.1,4 Probiotics have the potential to diminish the HPA axis response to chronic stressors, and prevent or reverse physiologic damage.4, Human and animal studies of probiotics show similar reductions in anxiety and depressive symptoms. The role of the immune system in governing host-microbe interactions in the intestine. DISEASE CAUSING ) or non-pathogenic ( NON DISEASE. [29], The superficial layers of the skin are naturally acidic (pH 4-4.5) due to lactic acid in sweat and produced by skin bacteria. Franchi L, Kamada N, Nakamura Y, Burberry A, Kuffa P, Suzuki S, Shaw MH, Kim YG, Nez G. NLRC4-driven production of IL-1 discriminates between pathogenic and commensal bacteria and promotes host intestinal defense. Monoculture crops have allowed farmers to increase efficiency in planting, managing, and harvesting, mainly by Johansson ME, Phillipson M, Petersson J, Velcich A, Holm L, Hansson GC. In food production, it may more broadly refer to any process in which the activity of microorganisms brings about a desirable change to a foodstuff Several examples are: The skin creates antimicrobial peptides such as cathelicidins that control the proliferation of skin microbes. Peterson DA, Frank DN, Pace NR, Gordon JI. The endocannabinoid system is yet another entity that regulates gut microbiota mediated maintenance of the gut barrier function. Skin flora, also called skin microbiota, refers to microbiota (communities of microorganisms) that reside on the skin, typically human skin.. Anxiety and depression are rising global issues, effective and accessible treatments would benefit millions of people worldwide. Therefore, abnormal colonization of the gut microbiota may result in pediatric diseases because of poor immunity[129,130]. Our skin is home to millions of bacteria, fungi and viruses that comprise the skin microbiota. Fibers (that is, non-digestible carbohydrates, found exclusively in plants) most consistently increase lactic acid bacteria, such as Ruminococcus, E. rectale, and Roseburia, and reduce Clostridium and Enterococcus species. The abundance of the phylum Proteobacteria is markedly low; and its absence along with high abundance of signature genera such as Bacteroides, Prevotella and Ruminococcus suggests a healthy gut microbiota[29]. AT and IB contributed to conception and writing of the manuscript, ER, WY, JA, NB, and HK contributed and critically revised the manuscript. These characteristics of the gut microbiome have been rapidly shifting the research focus from the abundance and diversity of the microbial members to the functional aspects. Enterotype 2 behave predominantly as a degrader of the mucin glycoproteins that line the gut mucosal layer. Since aryl-hydrocarbon receptor ligands are gut microbiota-derived, any impairment to the gut microbiota, such as from a high-fat diet, can decrease aryl-hydrocarbon receptor ligands. Carvalho FA, Aitken JD, Vijay-Kumar M, Gewirtz AT. The three impact factors rarely act independently and usually create comprehensive cumulative effects. Molecular analysis of commensal host-microbial relationships in the intestine. The journal perceives a broad understanding of microbial diversity and encourages the submission of manuscripts from the following branches of Swidsinski A, Weber J, Loening-Baucke V, Hale LP, Lochs H. Spatial organization and composition of the mucosal flora in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. For example, enteric bacteria, such as Akkermansia muciniphila, Bifidobacterium spp., Prevotella spp., and Bacteroides spp. Additionally, a high-protein diet typically limits carbohydrate intake, which may lead to a decrease in butyrate-producing bacteria, and thereby to a proinflammatory state and an increased risk of colorectal cancer (65). Compare D, Coccoli P, Rocco A, Nardone OM, De Maria S, Carten M, et al.. Gutliver axis: The impact of gut microbiota on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, Human microbiota. Furthermore, Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron is demonstrated to augment the efficiency of lipid hydrolysis by up regulating expression of a colipase that is required by pancreatic lipase for lipid digestion[42]. In general, intake of diet rich in fruits, vegetables and fibers is associated with a higher richness and diversity of the gut microbiota. The site is secure. When participants were given formulas with FOS and fiber, their Bifidobacteria increased from 5.1 to 26.6% (P = 0.003) after 14 days. MG-RAST: Metagenomics rapid annotation using subsystem technology; CAZy: Carbohydrate active-enzymes; MetaPhlAn: Metagenomic phylogenetic analysis; KEGG: Kyoto encyclopaedia for genes and genomics; COG: Clusters of orthologous group; PICRUst: Phylogenetic investigation of communities by reconstruction of unobserved states; MEGAN: Meta genome analyzer; MEDUSA: Metagenomic data utilization and analysis; FANTOM: Functional annotation and taxonomic analysis of metagenomes; HUMAan: Human microbiome project unified metabolic analysis network; BLAST: Basic local alignment search tool; TIGRFAM: Protein sequence classification; PFAM: Protein families; SOAP: Short oligonucleotide analysis package; QIIME: Quantitative insights into microbial ecology.
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