[, Asemi Z, Raygan F, Bahmani F, Rezavandi Z, Talari HR, Rafiee M, et al. [, Cormick G, Ciapponi A, Cafferata ML, Belizn JM. Am J Clin Nutr 2016;103:886-94. Some but not all clinical trials have found that calcium supplementation can improve bone health in older adults. Circ Heart Fail 2015;8:49-56. Hypertension in pregnancy. High calcium intakes might also increase the risk of CVD (see section on CVD in "Calcium and Health" section above) [39,62,67,69,70] and prostate cancer (see "Other Cancers" in "Calcium and Health" section above for more details) [57,58], although not all studies confirm these findings. Effect of vitamin D and calcium supplementation on cancer incidence in older women: a randomized clinical trial. Click the answer to find similar crossword clues . Meanwhile, softer cheeses may have less. One analysis of results from 35,983 women aged 50 to 79 years randomly assigned to 1,000 mg/day calcium and 400 IU (10 mcg)/day vitamin D supplements or placebo for 10 years found no reduction in risk of heart failure [69]. J Womens Health (Larchmt) 2018;27:561-8. Colorectal cancer rates did not differ between groups. [, Kesse E, Bertrais S, Astorg P, Jaouen A, Arnault N, Galan P, et al. Other calcium-rich options DiMarino recommends if you have lactose intolerance include: To find out the nutritional content of your favorite foods, the U.S. Department of Agriculture has a handy tool you can use. (4). Since your bones weaken slowly over time, you might not know if you arent getting enough calcium. Data Source: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service. The labels approved by the FDA for dolutegravir advise patients to take dolutegravir 2 hours before or 6 hours after taking calcium supplements [101,102]. On the boat; Make good as new; These levels remain constant in men, but they start to drop in women as a result of increases in bone remodeling due to decreased estrogen production at the start of menopause [1]. site. Calcium intake and cardiovascular disease risk. About 99% of the body's calcium is stored in bones, and the remaining 1% is found in blood, muscle, and other tissues. Encyclopedia of Dietary Supplements. Estimated Average Requirement (EAR): Average daily level of intake estimated to meet the requirements of 50% of healthy individuals; usually used to assess the nutrient intakes of groups of people and to plan nutritionally adequate diets for them; can also be used to assess the nutrient intakes of individuals. Heaney RP. Report of the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists Task Force on Hypertension in Pregnancy. Cancer
Unlike teeth, bone undergoes continuous remodeling, with constant resorption and deposition of calcium into new bone [4]. In addition, calcium supplements had no effect on body weight or body fat. The https:// means all transmitted data is encrypted in other words, any information or browsing history that you provide is transmitted securely. However, two subsequent systematic reviews of the evidence from 10 studies in more than 8,000 adults with osteoporosis who took 120 to 1,500 mg supplemental calcium daily for 3 days to 3 years [98] and 11 RCTs in 51,419 adults 50 years and older who took 1,000 to 1,600 mg calcium with or without vitamin D for 2 to 7 years [39] found no such association. Calcium makes up much of the structure of bones and teeth and allows normal bodily movement by keeping tissue rigid, strong, and flexible [1]. Am J Clin Nutr 2012;96:735-47. Net absorption of dietary calcium is as high as 60% in infants and young children, who need substantial amounts to build bone, but it decreases to about 25% in adulthood and continues to decline with age [1]. [, Chen M, Pan A, Malik VS, Hu FB. [, Jalloh MA, Gregory PJ, Hein D, Risoldi Cochrane Z, Rodriguez A. Dietary supplement interactions with antiretrovirals: a systematic review. 100 g of kale provides a substantial 254 mg of calcium! Calcium: Nutrient-densea Food and Beverage Sources, Amounts of Calcium and Energy per Smaller Portion. J Natl Cancer Inst 2008;100:1581-91. Objective To assess the antifracture efficacy and safety of a nutritional intervention in institutionalised older adults replete in vitamin D but with mean intakes of 600 mg/day calcium and <1 g/kg body weight protein/day. After 24 years of follow-up of 74,245 women aged 30 to 55 years at baseline who participated in the Nurses Health Study, women taking more than 1,000 mg/day calcium supplements did not have a higher risk of CVD than those taking no supplemental calcium [72]. [, World Health Organization. [, Yang B, Campbell PT, Gapstur SM, Jacobs EJ, Bostick RM, Fedirko V, et al. For each 300 mg/day increase in dietary calcium intake, risk of metabolic syndrome dropped by 7%. [, Fairweather-Tait SJ, Teucher B. The classification, diagnosis and management of the hypertensive disorders of pregnancy: A revised statement from the ISSHP. Calcium carbonate supplements can interfere with the absorption of levothyroxine (Synthroid, Levoxyl, and others), a thyroid hormone used to treat hypothyroidism and thyroid cancer [103-105]. [, Wallace RB, Wactawski-Wende J, O'Sullivan MJ, Larson JC, Cochrane B, Gass M, et al. [, Lowe SA, Bowyer L, Lust K, McMahon LP, Morton M, North RA, et al. To find . Advertising on our site helps support our mission. Cardiovascular disease
Calcium. Federal government websites always use a .gov or .mil domain. In this meta-analysis, ovarian cancer risk was 20% lower in participants in the highest category of dietary calcium intakes (more than 8201,500 mg/day, depending on the study) than the lowest intake category (less than 362800 mg/day, depending on the study). FDA has approved a health claim for the use of supplements containing calcium and vitamin D to reduce the risk of osteoporosis [29]. Food
You have successfully subscribed to our newsletter. Heaney RP, Dowell MS, Barger-Lux MJ. However, in analyses of results for various sources of calcium, only calcium from dairy foods was significantly associated with prostate cancer risk (2.9 times higher in men with intakes greater than 696 mg/day than in those with intakes less than 354 mg/day); calcium intakes from non-dairy sources were not significantly associated with prostate cancer risk. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab 2015;25:510-24. 3. Atomic Mass Number Does it conserve in a nuclear reaction? [, Hofmeyr GJ, Lawrie TA, Atallah , Torloni MR. Calcium supplementation during pregnancy for preventing hypertensive disorders and related problems. However, the study found no association between calcium intakes and risk of CVD mortality or myocardial infarction. Jama 1998;279:750. BMD. [, Bristow SM, Horne AM, Gamble GD, Mihov B, Stewart A, Reid IR. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2003;47:2158-60. Milk, yogurt, and cheese are rich natural sources of calcium [1]. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Wiley-Blackwell; 2020:321-48. What is Discovery of the Neutron - Definition, What is Structure of the Neutron - Definition. [, Bove-Fenderson E, Mannstadt M. Hypocalcemic disorders. History of changes to this fact sheet, U.S. Department of Health & Human Services, Division of Program Coordination, Planning, and Strategic Initiatives, Strengthening Knowledge and Understanding of Dietary Supplements, My Dietary Supplement and Medicine Record, Analytical Methods and Reference Materials (AMRM), NIH Consortium for Advancing Research on Botanical and Other Natural Products (CARBON) Program, Computer Access to Research on Dietary Supplements (CARDS) Database, Dietary Supplement Ingredient Database (DSID), ODS Funding of Grants & Administrative Supplements: FAQ, Administrative Supplements for Validation Studies of Analytical Methods, Staff Bios, Publications, and Presentations, Federal Working Group on Dietary Supplements, NIH Dietary Supplement Research Coordinating Committee, Food Labeling: Revision of the Nutrition and Supplement Facts Labels, Small Entity Compliance Guide: Health Claims on Calcium and Osteoporosis; and Calcium, Vitamin D, and Osteoporosis, Sardines, canned in oil, with bones, 3 ounces, Tofu, firm, made with calcium sulfate, cup***, Salmon, pink, canned, solids with bones, 3 ounces, Tofu, soft, made with calcium sulfate, cup***, Breakfast cereals, fortified with 10% of the DV for calcium, 1 serving, Frozen yogurt, vanilla, soft serve, cup, Chinese cabbage (bok choi), raw, shredded, 1 cup, Apple, golden delicious, with skin, 1 medium. Just a few servings per day can give you all the calcium you need. [, Candelas G, Martinez-Lopez JA, Rosario MP, Carmona L, Loza E. Calcium supplementation and kidney stone risk in osteoporosis: a systematic literature review. [, Chen C, Ge S, Li S, Wu L, Liu T, Li C. The effects of dietary calcium supplements alone or with vitamin d on cholesterol metabolism: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. FoodData Central, 2019. fdc.nal.usda.gov. Find out how much calcium you need and what foods you should be eating. Calcium intake and bone mineral density: systematic review and meta-analysis. A meta-analysis of 11 prospective cohort studies in 872,895 women who developed 26,606 cases of breast cancer over 7 to 25 years found that women with the highest calcium intakes had an 8% lower risk of breast cancer [60]. Natural sources of vitamin D and Calcium. In the United States, approximately 72% of calcium intakes come from dairy products and foods with added dairy ingredients [1]. Osteoporos Int 2016;27:367-76. Calcium plus vitamin D supplementation and risk of fractures: an updated meta-analysis from the National Osteoporosis Foundation. Many people dont notice any symptoms until a bone fractures. A 2013 follow-up study by Cauley and colleagues evaluated outcomes 4.9 years after completion of the 7-year WHI trial of 1,000 mg/day calcium plus 400 IU (10 mcg)/day vitamin D3 or placebo in 36,282 postmenopausal women [54]. Absorption of dietary Calcium from food. Nutritional status and food intake of children with cow's milk allergy. Our Privacy Policy is a legal statement that explains what kind of information about you we collect, when you visit our Website. [, Bakaloudi DR, Halloran A, Rippin HL, Oikonomidou AC, Dardavesis TI, Williams J, et al. The .gov means its official. Calcium citrate can be taken with or without food. A substantial body of evidence has addressed the role of calcium in preventing colorectal cancer or its precursor, adenomas. Washington, DC: National Academies Press; 1997. *Adequate Intake (AI) Sources of Calcium. [, Schabas R. Artifact in the control group undermines the conclusions of a vitamin D and cancer study. All solutions for "Calcium source" 13 letters crossword clue - We have 11 answers with 4 letters. In the WHI trial, 36,282 postmenopausal women were randomly assigned to daily supplementation with a combination of 1,000 mg calcium and 400 IU (10 mcg) vitamin D3 or placebo [42]. [, Yao X, Hu J, Kong X, Zhu Z. Bone is constantly being remodeled. [, Fong J, Khan A. Hypocalcemia: updates in diagnosis and management for primary care. Vitamin D, calcium, or combined supplementation for the primary prevention of fractures in community-dwelling adults: evidence report and systematic review for the US Preventive Services Task Force. Weaver CM, Heaney RP. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service. [, Song L. Calcium and bone metabolism indices. The answers have been arranged depending on the number of characters so that they're easy to Discoverer: Coster, Dirk and De Hevesy, George Charles, Discoverer: Elhuyar, Juan Jos and Elhuyar, Fausto, Discoverer: Noddack, Walter and Berg, Otto Carl and Tacke, Ida. In spite of the observational evidence supporting an association between higher calcium intakes and lower colorectal cancer risk, clinical trials investigating calcium supplements for prevention of colorectal cancer or adenomas have had mixed results. Absorption of calcium from food is about 45% at intakes of 200 mg/day but only 15% when intakes are higher than 2,000 mg/day [6]. Foods fortified with calcium in the United States include many fruit juices and drinks, tofu, and ready-to-eat cereals [1,8]. For example, the body absorbs about 36% of a 300 mg calcium dose and 28% of a 1,000 mg dose [16]. The forces of chemical bonding causes this repetition. Some scientists have questioned these findings because of the lack of statistical power (the studies were designed to detect differences in bone health measures, not cancer incidence), details from the investigators on the study sample and randomization procedures [45,46]. Calcium intake and mortality from all causes, cancer, and cardiovascular disease: the Cancer Prevention Study II Nutrition Cohort. Calcium is a mineral most often associated with healthy bones and teeth, although it also plays an important role in blood clotting, helping muscles to contract, and regulating normal heart rhythms and nerve functions. Total, dietary, and supplemental calcium intake and mortality from all- causes, cardiovascular disease, and cancer: A meta-analysis of observational studies. Depending on its strength, each chewable pill or soft chew provides about 270 to 400 mg of calcium [14]. More severe signs and symptoms can include renal calcification or injury, brain calcification, neurologic symptoms (e.g., depression and bipolar disorder), cataracts, congestive heart failure, paresthesia, seizures, and, in rare cases, coma [22,24]. orange. (1969), Discoverer: Scientists at Dubna, Russia (1967)/Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory (1970), Discoverer: Armbruster, Paula and Muenzenberg, Dr. Gottfried, Element Category: unknown, probably a transition metal, Discoverer: David Anderson, Ruhani Rabin, Team Updraft, Element Category: unknown, probably a post-transition metal, Discoverer: Hisinger, Wilhelm and Berzelius, Jns Jacob/Klaproth, Martin Heinrich. By choosing calcium-rich foods, you can protect your bone health now and into the future. At birth, the body contains about 26 to 30 g calcium. Am J Clin Nutr 2021;114:231-7. Milk 11. Jama 2000;283:2822-5. 4. Menopause leads to bone loss because decreases in estrogen production reduce calcium absorption and increase urinary calcium loss and calcium resorption from bone [1]. However, serum levels do not reflect nutritional status because of their tight homeostatic control [4]. The Crossword Solver finds answers to classic crosswords and cryptic crossword puzzles. Calcium-fortified beverages such as soy milk, almond milk or fruit juice. Long-term use of lithium (Eskalith, Lithobid), a treatment for bipolar disorder, can lead to hypercalcemia, and use of both lithium and calcium supplements could increase this risk [107]. For example, the American College of Obstetrics and Gynecology states that daily supplementation with 1,5002,000 mg calcium might reduce the severity of preeclampsia in pregnant women who have calcium intakes of less than 600 mg/day [76]. Total calcium levels can be measured in serum or plasma; serum levels are typically 8.8 to 10.4 mg/dL (2. Hypocalcemia can be asymptomatic, especially when it is mild or chronic [23]. Natural sources of vitamin d and calcium. Parmesan cheese has the highest content of calcium with 331mg of calcium per ounce of cheese. Yet, news headlines sparked by studies over the past decade have resulted in a lot of confusion about possible ties between getting too much calcium and an increased risk of heart attack. Updated:
Dairy products, calcium and phosphorus intake, and the risk of prostate cancer: results of the French prospective SU.VI.MAX (Supplementation en Vitamines et Mineraux Antioxydants) study. Milk: Calcium from dairy products tends to be absorbed by the body faster than plant-based sources. The symbol of resistivity is usually the Greek letter (rho). Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL): Maximum daily intake unlikely to cause adverse health effects. Ann Intern Med 2017;166:686-7. crossword today. Support for such a link comes from an analysis of 20012006 NHANES cross-sectional data on 2,904 adults aged 60 and older (54.6% women) showing an association between higher dietary calcium intakes and greater lumbar spine BMD, but only in women [30]. Enter a Crossword Clue. Age can also affect absorption of dietary calcium [1,4]. BMJ 2015;351:h4183. When it comes to calcium, collard greens, bok choy, and kale all pack a punch. [, Marshall K, Teo L, Shanahan C, Legette L, Mitmesser SH. Bone health in older adults
[, Myung S-K, Kim H-B, Lee Y-J, Choi Y-J, Oh S-W. Calcium supplements and risk of cardiovascular disease: a meta-analysis of clinical trials. The three most common basic crystal patterns are: This website was founded as a non-profit project, build entirely by a group of nuclear engineers. In contrast to conductors, electrons in a semiconductor must obtain energy (e.g. Rice beverage (rice milk), unsweetened. The large WHI study described above also found no benefit of supplemental calcium and vitamin D on cancer incidence [42]. Includes a variety of protein foods, including seafood, lean meats and poultry, eggs, legumes (beans and peas), nuts, seeds, and soy products. You shouldn't have to choose between the health of your heart and your bones. We use cookies to ensure that we give you the best experience on our website. [, Cormick G, Betrn AP, Metz F, Palacios C, Beltrn-Velazquez F, Garca-Casal MLN, et al. This association was strongest in women, adults aged 2044 years, those who did not have diabetes, and, especially, women aged 2044 years. Nutr Rev 2006;64:S53-6. Nutrients 2021;13:368. [, Pletz MW, Petzold P, Allen A, Burkhardt O, Lode H. Effect of calcium carbonate on bioavailability of orally administered gemifloxacin. Ecol Food Nutr 2020:1-12. Other Cancers. However, in women, the CVD mortality rate was 16% lower with supplemental calcium intakes of 1,000 mg/day than with no supplemental calcium intakes. Several recent systematic reviews and meta-analyses have found that supplementation with calcium alone or a combination of calcium and vitamin D increases BMD in older adults. JAMA 2017;317:1234-43. 4. All Rights Reserved. [, Hofmeyr GJ, Manyame S, Medley N, Williams MJ. [, Kays MB, Overholser BR, Mueller BA, Moe SM, Sowinski KM. Supplements may be an option if you cant get enough calcium in your diet. They are based on observational evidence from the WHI showing a link between higher intakes of supplemental calcium (1,000 mg/day for 7 years) and a greater risk of kidney stones [96,97]. The best way to know if youre getting enough calcium is to pay attention to your diet. Plus, the calcium found in dairy products can be more easily absorbed than the calcium taken from plant sources. Thanks for visiting The Crossword Solver "Good source of calcium". In 12 trials in 2,334 women, doses of less than 1,000 mg/day (usually 500 mg/day) reduced the risk of high blood pressure by 47% and of preeclampsia by 62%. Am Heart J 2019;209:68-78. For breast cancer, observational studies have had mixed findings on whether higher calcium intakes are associated with a lower risk. Over time, these changes lead to decreased bone mass and fragile bones [1]. Similarly, a systematic review of 11 RCTs in 51,419 adults aged 50 and older found that supplementation with vitamin D and calcium for 2 to 7 years had no impact on risk of total fractures or of hip fractures [39]. Some proteins, such as tofu with added calcium sulfate, and canned fish with bones, are high in calcium. 26 best sources of calcium. al. Healthcare providers may also screen postmenopausal women under 65 who are at risk of developing osteoporosis. Lactose intolerance is the inability to digest lactose, a type of sugar found in cows milk. Intake recommendations for calcium and other nutrients are provided in the Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) developed by the Food and Nutrition Board (FNB) at the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine [1]. [, Champagne CM. Preeclampsia is defined as hypertension and proteinuria or thrombocytopenia during pregnancy, usually after 20 weeks gestation [74]. Another effect of chronic calcium deficiency is osteomalacia, or defective bone mineralization and bone softening, which can occur in adults and children [1]. Low-fat plain yogurt (415 mg of calcium and 143 calories) and fruit yogurt (345 . Calcium carbonate and reduction of levothyroxine efficacy. As you grow older, your body absorbs less of the calcium in your diet, explains DiMarino. Earlier systematic reviews and meta-analyses found a positive relationship between calcium and vitamin D supplementation and increased BMD in older males [35] and between higher calcium intakes from dietary sources or supplements in adults over 50 and higher BMD [25]. Calcium supplementation commencing before or early in pregnancy, for preventing hypertensive disorders of pregnancy. An analysis of 20012010 NHANES data on 9,148 adults found that women in the highest quintile (at least 1,172 mg/day) of calcium intake, based on 24-hour recall, had a 27% lower risk of metabolic syndrome than those in the lowest quintile (less than 547 mg/day) [93]. Dairy products, calcium, and prostate cancer risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies. Note that, electrical resistivity is not the same as electrical resistance. E. Discoverer: De Marignac, Charles Galissard, Discoverer: De Marignac, Jean Charles Galissard, Discoverer: Ghring, Otto and Fajans, Kasimir. Calcium carbonate appears to cause more of these side effects than calcium citrate, especially in older adults who have lower levels of stomach acid [1]. It is a member of the alkaline earth group of elements. Other fortified options may exist on the market, but not all fortified foods are nutrient-dense. There will also be a [, Tang R, Tang IC, Henry A, Welsh A. Multivitamin/mineral supplement contribution to micronutrient intakes in the United States, 2007-2010. Calcium. Other studies have found no association between calcium supplements and CVD risk or CVD outcomes. Implications for implementing national strategies of calcium fortification. [, Aune D, Navarro Rosenblatt DA, Chan DS, Vieira AR, Vieira R, Greenwood DC, et al. [, Chen Y, Strasser S, Cao Y, Wang KS, Zheng S. Calcium intake and hypertension among obese adults in United States: associations and implications explored. Bone is another natural source of calcium used in . [, Hidayat K, Chen GC, Zhang R, Du X, Zou SY, Shi BM, et al. The risk was 2.4 times higher in men in the highest quartile of intake (more than 1,081 mg/day) than those with the lowest quartile (less than 725 mg/day). Supplements for Menopause Symptoms: Are They Safe? 2nd ed. We've listed any clues from our database that match your search for "Good source of calcium". Am J Kidney Dis 2003;42:1253-9. The silver lining was that the FDA, in a letter, actually credited her for being "a 'key stimulus'" for their plans to look into regulating heavy metals in foods and supplements. Some clinical trials have shown that calcium supplements are associated with decreased hypertension risk or decreased cholesterol levels, but others have had more mixed findings. Am J Clin Nutr 2015;101:87-117. So, if one cup of milk has 300 milligrams of calcium, a half-cup contains 150 milligrams. In contrast, several prospective cohort studies and RCTs have shown that calcium supplements increase the risk of CVD. A variety of foods and their calcium content are listed in Table 2. [, Tai V, Leung W, Grey A, Reid IR, Bolland MJ. Discoverer: Corson, Dale R. and Mackenzie, K. R. The actinide or actinoid series encompasses the 15 metallic chemical elements with atomic numbers from 89 to 103, actinium through lawrencium. Enter the length or pattern for better results. Ask ODS
Independent associations of dairy and calcium intakes with colorectal cancers in the Adventist Health Study-2 cohort. The most common symptom is increased neuromuscular irritability, including perioral numbness, tingling in the hands and feet, and muscle spasms [23]. Pregnant women and lactating . Calcium plus vitamin D supplementation and health outcomes five years after active intervention ended: the Women's Health Initiative. Our Website follows all legal requirements to protect your privacy. Calcium plus vitamin D supplementation and the risk of fractures. And dont forget to check the serving size. Jama 2018;319:1600-12. Electrical resistance is expressed in Ohms. [, Crandall CJ, Aragaki AK, LeBoff MS, Li W, Wactawski-Wende J, Cauley JA, et al. But some will only list the amount of calcium as a percentage of the daily value. Kale, 254 mg/100 g. Kale is more than a colorful substitute for lettuce. These products are made from Fuller's Earth, which is magnesium- and calcium-based clay, that has an iron contaminant. Nondairy foods such as leafy greens, canned salmon with bones, almonds and tofu processed with calcium sulfate. [, Song I, Borland J, Arya N, Wynne B, Piscitelli S. Pharmacokinetics of dolutegravir when administered with mineral supplements in healthy adult subjects. J Obstet Gynaecol Can 2014;36:416-41. [, Ananth CV, Keyes KM, Wapner RJ. J Am Coll Nutr 2014;33:94-102. Clinical trial evidence on the link between calcium and metabolic syndrome is very limited. Osteoporosis specialist Dr. Ethel Siris on the best sources of calcium to protect your bones. Can Fam Physician 2012;58:158-62. Present Knowledge in Nutrition. [, Calderwood AH, Baron JA, Mott LA, Ahnen DJ, Bostick RM, Figueiredo JC, et al. These oxalates can prevent the absorption of calcium. Nondairy sources include canned sardines and salmon with bones as well as certain vegetables, such as kale, broccoli, and Chinese cabbage (bok choi). Reading food labels is an important skill if youre tracking your calcium intake. Br J Nutr 2006;95:539-45. It's a nutrient-rich superfood! Results were similar in 698 of the women who were followed for 6 years, even though mean daily intakes of calcium dropped by an average of 40 mg during this period. A post-hoc analysis of data from a double-blind, randomized controlled trial (RCT) of 1,000 mg elemental calcium in the form of calcium carbonate and 400 International Units (IU) (10 microgram [mcg]) vitamin D3 daily or placebo in 36,282 women aged 5079 years enrolled in the Womens Health Initiative (WHI) found that the supplementation did not prevent height loss after a mean follow-up period of 5.9 years [32]. J Womens Health (Larchmt) 2013;22:915-29. An inverse relationship exists between calcium intake and absorption. Score: 4.5/5 (70 votes) . Age-related bone loss can also occur in men and lead to osteoporosis, but fracture risk tends to increase in older men about 5 to 10 years later than in older women [1]. These elements, along with the chemically similar elements scandium and yttrium, are often collectively known as the rare earth elements.
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