This was an initial requirement for the design and a hold-over in concept from the M1918 Browning Automatic Rifle. The British achieved the longest advance since trench warfare had begun, surpassing the record set by the French Sixth [12], The defending Argentine forces, known as Task Force Mercedes, consisted of two companies of Lieutenant-Colonel talo Piaggi's 12th Infantry Regiment (12IR); his third company (Company B) was still deployed on Mount Kent as "Combat Team Solari" and only re-joined 12IR after the fall of Goose Green airfield. In a blinding flash, the chemicals burned and we heard the screams." This led the British government to question the lack of movement by their ground-forces and London needed a sign of progress. [24] It fires a 7.62x51mm NATO cartridge, which offers accuracy, reliability, and stopping power. [8] In France, Prime Minister Aristide Briand, along with Minister of Defence Hubert Lyautey were politically diminished and resigned in March 1917, following disagreements over the prospective Nivelle Offensive. [20], For a light machine gun of the interwar and early World War II era, the Bren was about average in weight. Weight 23lb 3oz (10.5kg). The Battle of Arras (also known as the Second Battle of Arras) was a British offensive on the Western Front during the First World War.From 9 April to 16 May 1917, British troops attacked German defences near the French city of Arras on the Western Front. "The 51st Highland Division Farewell", a 2/4 march composed by Dr. Charles Bannatyne. [17], In February and March the 51st Division underwent a major reorganisation as per policies of the BEF. [74], Observing that the 1st Australian Division was holding a frontage of 13,000yd (7.4mi; 12km), the local German corps commander General Otto von Moser, commanding Gruppe Quant (XIV Reserve Corps) planned a spoiling attack to drive back the advanced posts, destroy supplies and guns and then retire to the Hindenburg defences. British artillery began an intense bombardment of the village, which by 20 April had been virtually destroyed. Due to the rotating bolt design, the M60 required stoning of burrs or roughness on the lugs, which could increase headspace, occasionally causing cartridge case stretching and head separation. Each section had a Bren light machine gun and the platoon had a 2-inch mortar. With the main distinguishing feature being a shorter barrel and serrated area in front of the barrel nut. [41], The principal danger to assaulting troops came from enemy artillery fire as they crossed no man's land, accounting for over half the casualties at the first day of the Somme. The M4 Sherman, officially Medium Tank, M4, was the most widely used medium tank by the United States and Western Allies in World War II.The M4 Sherman proved to be reliable, relatively cheap to produce, and available in great numbers. [Note 5] The Argentine platoon was able to block the British advance by taking up positions on Darwin Hill, from which, although wounded, Estvez started calling down fire support from Argentine 105mm artillery and 120mm mortars. "We had previously arranged for a message to be sent to Argentina requesting the Bahia Paraiso to rendezvous with our hospital ship SS Uganda in an area which we have set aside for Hospital Ships some 30 miles north of Falklands Sound. Passing the school, we entered a depression from which we saw the hill. The patrols suffered 162 casualties. [88], Four Paras of D Company and approximately a dozen Argentines were killed in these engagements. In Australia, the Lithgow Small Arms Factory in New South Wales began building Bren guns in 1940; a total of 17,249 were built. An Enfield-made .303 Bren Mk 1 was converted to 7.92mm in 1938 due to the suggestion of a possibility of a British Army change over to a rimless cartridge for machine guns being mooted.[i]. [18] On 22 April 1940 the 51st Division was detached from the rest of the BEF to come under command of the French Third Army. After firing a round to start the open bolt firing cycle, the initial recoil impulse drives the barrel, barrel extension, and bolt to the rear. Just at that moment of distraction, I lost sight of the three swept-wing shapes below. Five Ablsungsdivisionen were placed behind Douai, 15mi (24km) away from the front line. [35], The South African Defence Force deployed Bren guns during the South African Border War alongside the more contemporary FN MAG as late as 1978.[36]. ", According to Dan Snow and Peter Snow, "The Argentine corporal in that trench, Osvaldo Olmos, remembers seeing Jones charge past him alone, leaving his followers in the gully below. )[55] Ludendorff immediately ordered reinforcements. Every soldier in the rifle squad would carry an additional 200 linked rounds of ammunition for the M60, a spare barrel, or both. [21] The new organisations and equipment gave the infantry platoon the capacity for fire and manoeuvre, even in the absence of adequate artillery support. [14] Number 2 helped reload the gun and replace the barrel when it overheated,[15] and spotted targets for Number 1. The neighbouring Portuguese Expeditionary Corps bore the brunt of the initial German assault. The division's reputation grew and they were chosen to capture the notorious fortress village of Beaumont-Hamel in November 1916, towards the end of the Somme offensive. for service as set forth in the following The United States Army (USA) is the land service branch of the United States Armed Forces.It is one of the eight U.S. uniformed services, and is designated as the Army of the United States in the U.S. Constitution. There are some types of crimes that no state should allow to go unpunished, no matter how much time has passed, such as the crimes of the dictatorship. The tanks were reserved for the most difficult objectives beyond the black line in groups of up to ten vehicles. The People's Army of Vietnam (PAVN; Vietnamese: Qun i nhn dn Vit Nam (QNDVN)), also recognized as the Vietnam People's Army (VPA) or the Vietnamese Army (Vietnamese: Qun i Vit Nam), is the military force of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam and the armed wing of the ruling Communist Party of Vietnam.The PAVN is a part of the Vietnam People's Armed Forces [32] The Rhodesian Bren guns continued to see frequent action until the 1970s, when they were largely replaced by the FN MAG. Located on East Falkland's central isthmus, the settlement of Goose Green was the site of an airfield. Bren gunners using the L4A1 were normally issued with the 30-round magazine from the SAW L2A1. As the Australians were being forced back, they were unable to salvage ammunition and grenades from the dead and wounded. There were also several designs of less-portable mountings, including the Gallows and Mottley mounts. The receiver assembly of an M2 .50-caliber machine gun went missing from 2nd Battalion, 3rd Infantry Regiments staff duty area and triggered an all-hands search that, for most of the rank and file, lasted a little over 12 hours. United States Marine Corps doctrine holds that the M60 and other weapons in its class are capable of suppressive fire on area targets out to 1,500 meters if the gunner is sufficiently skilled. An Argentinian force had been deployed to Goose Green and Darwin and they were supported by artillery, mortars, 35 mm cannons, and machine guns. [8] Hundreds of thousands of casualties had been suffered at the battles of Gallipoli, the Somme and Verdun, with little prospect of victory in sight. The 8ft 6ft (2.4m 1.8m) Crinchon sewer followed the ditch of the old fortifications and tunnels were dug from the cellars to the sewer. The 23rd Infantry Regiment is an infantry regiment in the United States Army.A unit with the same name was formed on 26 June 1812 and saw action in 14 battles during the War of 1812.. He checked his Sterling submachine gun, then ran up the hill towards an Argentine trench. The defenders would thus be able to counter-attack and regain any lost territory. In August 1914, upon mobilization, the division's infantry element had comprised 12 battalions in 3 regimentally-named brigades: the Seaforth and Cameron Brigade, the Gordon Highlanders Brigade and the Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders Brigade. In 1815 it was consolidated with the 6th, 16th, 22nd, and 32nd Regiments of Infantry into what is at present the 2nd Infantry Regiment.. In Canada, the John Inglis plant in Toronto began tooling its facilities for production in 1938; the first of 186,000 examples was completed in March 1940. The quality of the materials used would generally ensure minimal jamming. The attack had to cover 500yd (457m) to the wire and another 100yd (91m) to the first trench at 4:30 a.m., about an hour and 48 minutes before the sun rose to evade crossfire in the re-entrant between Quant and Bullecourt. The official history of the 2nd Bavarian Reserve Regiment describes the front line as "consisting no longer of trenches but of advanced nests of men scattered about". The second was the barrage falling erratically as the barrels of heavy guns wore swiftly but at differing rates during fire: for Arras, the rate of wear of each gun barrel was calculated and calibrated accordingly. The model that won the competition was the T161E3. The M60E4/Mk 43 is a modern update to the entire series, such that it is also available in many of the previous configurations, such as a co-axial weapon. The Battle of Goose Green was fought in May 2829, 1982, by British and Argentine forces during the Falklands War.Located on East Falkland's central isthmus, the settlement of Goose Green was the site of an airfield.Argentine forces were in a well-defended position, within striking distance of San Carlos Water, where the British task force had made its amphibious landing. A number of US gunsmiths have manufactured new semiautomatic Brens by welding the pieces of destroyed receivers back together, with modifications to prevent the use of full automatic parts, and fitting new fire-control components capable of only semiautomatic fire. In preparation for joining the BEF in France, the division travelled from Scotland to Aldershot, where it received final equipping and training. Poison gas shells were used for the final minutes of the barrage. The Mk 43 machine gun currently is manufactured solely by U.S. Virgin Madsen). [42] This led to the replacement of its GOC, Major-General Charles Bullen-Smith; his dismissal is not mentioned in the Divisional Official History nor formation accounts. In US service, the M60D has been primarily replaced by the M240H. SS 143 and its companion manuals provided British infantry with "off-the-peg" tactics, devised from the experience of the Somme and from French Army operations, to go with new equipment made available by increasing British and Allied war production and better understanding of the organisation necessary to exploit it in battle. Fue la mejor decisin porque seguir peleando hubiera sido combatir para morir. [76] At 03:45, elements of the 2nd Australian Division attacked east of Bullecourt village, intending to pierce the Hindenburg Line and capture Hendecourt-ls-Cagnicourt, while British troops from the 62nd (2nd West Riding) Division attacked Bullecourt, which was finally taken by the British 7th Division and despite determined effort by the Germans was held by the 62nd (2nd West Riding) Division. [46] The British were able to consolidate these gains and push forward towards Monchy-le-Preux, although they suffered heavy casualties in fighting near the village. [80] Third Army casualties were 87,226; First Army 46,826 (including 11,004 Canadians at Vimy Ridge) and Fifth Army 24,608, a total of 158,660. The M60D is also used by the British on Royal Air Force Chinooks. By Robert Fox. Weapons: An International Encyclopedia From 5000 B.C. Many of the Bren guns produced at Ishapore went to Indian troops, who had lost a great number of automatic weapons during the disastrous campaigns against the Japanese in Malaya and Burma; 17th Indian Infantry Division, for example, found itself with only 56 Bren guns after fleeing out of Burma in 1942. The 45 mm anti-tank gun model 1937 (factory designation 53-K, GRAU index 52-P-243-PP-1), nicknamed the Sorokapyatka (from Russian , or "little forty-five"), was a light quick-firing anti-tank gun used in the first stage of the German-Soviet War.It was created by Soviet artillery designer M.N. Each gun came with a spare barrel that could be quickly changed when the barrel became hot during sustained fire, though later guns featured a chrome-lined barrel, which reduced the need for a spare. The internals have been extensively modified to make it essentially impossible to convert them to fire in fully automatic. Approaching the hill, they exchanged fire with Argentine forces and on reaching the top of the hill, they found the positions empty. 26, which British Army officials had tested during a firearms service competition in the 1930s. [10], In 1999, A Golden Palm Star on the Palm Springs Walk of Stars was dedicated to Paige, recognizing him as one of five Medal of Honor recipients from the Southern California desert area. [19], With the German invasion of France and the low countries on 10 May 1940 the BEF advanced into Belgium to meet the advancing German forces. CQB: Close Quarter Battle, Mike Curtis, p. 118, Random House, 1998, Malvinas: La Batalla de Pradera del Ganso, Oscar Teves, p. 400, Argentinidad, 2016, The Falklands War, D. George Boyce, p. 131, Macmillan International Higher Education, 2005, "Bell's equipment consisted of a loudspeaker borrowed from Fearless and a heavy, 24-volt dry-cell battery." The offensive drew German troops away from the French offensive in the Aisne sector. In an order group with the A and C Company commanders, he indicated his preference for calling for an Argentine surrender, rather than facing an ongoing battle the following morning. Weekly production was 300 Brens a week in July 1938, and 400 a week in September 1939. If the immediate counter-attack failed, counter-attack divisions would take their time to prepare a methodical attack if the lost ground was essential to the retention of the main position. The position of the sights meant that the Bren could be fired only from the right shoulder. The later Bren gun featured a distinctive top-mounted curved box magazine, conical flash hider, and quick change barrel. The division's massed pipes and drums played in the streets of the town, and a parade included veterans of the 1940 campaign in France who were with the 51st Division in 1944. The 2nd Rifle Platoon (under Sub-Lieutenant Gustavo Adolfo Malacalza) from A Company fought a delaying action against the British paratroopers before taking withdrawing to new positions on Darwin Ridge. [15], In January 1994, the U.S. Army began the Medium Machine Gun Upgrade Kit program. I called the control ship, HMS Minerva. Jones became furious with the level of incompetence and told BBC representative Robert Fox he was going to sue the BBC, Whitehall, and the War Cabinet. Major-General Fortune was one of the most senior British officers to be taken prisoner in the war. Major variations include the M60E1 (an improved variant that did not enter production), the M60E2 (a variant designed to be used from fixed mounts as a co-axial for armored vehicles or in helicopter armament systems), the M60E3 (a lightweight variant) and the M60E4 (another improved variant, designated as the Mk 43 Mod 0 by the U.S. Navy). [43] The attacking British companies also received support from the gunners of 8 (Alma) Battery, who fired about 1,000 rounds mostly in the night action. Nicholls puts them at 120,000 and Keegan at 130,000. All units within the service are either Regular or Army Reserve, or a combination with sub-units of each type. He was posthumously awarded the Argentine Nation to the Valour in Combat Medal. Most common in U.S. use are M61 armor-piercing, M62 tracer, and M80 Ball. The U.S. Air Force Security Forces received the M60E3 from 1988 to 1989. Resistance from troops equipped with automatic weapons, supported by observed artillery fire, would increase the further the advance progressed. [28], 2 Para consisted of three rifle companies, one patrol company, one support company, and an HQ company. Eighteen guns of each were tested until December 1995. Early Mk 43s had some distinct differences from the E4 (such as a duckbill flash suppressor), though by the 2000s (decade) these distinctions seemed to have ended. [53][52] Ludendorff later commented "no doubt exceedingly important strategic objects lay behind the British attack but I have never been able to discover what they were". The Madsen is a light machine gun that Julius A. Rasmussen and Theodor Schouboe designed and proposed for adoption by Colonel Vilhelm Herman Oluf Madsen, the Danish Minister of War, and that the Royal Danish Army adopted in 1902. The grip/trigger housing assembly is held in place with a rather fragile leaf spring clip instead of the captive pins used in other designs. [16], Brazil first acquired Madsen machine gun prior to the war. Towards the end of the campaign in early August, the division was withdrawn from combat and held in reserve for the Allied invasion of Italy. The spring offensive was reduced from attacks on the Eastern and Western fronts to a French assault along the Aisne River. 32, and finally the ZGB 33, which was licensed for manufacture under the Bren name. [4] The recoil operation is part short and part long recoil. It was developed in Nazi Germany and used extensively by the Axis powers during World War II.. I sent a scouting party ahead, and they told me that the British were advancing from the other side of the low ridge, some one hundred and fifty men. To rectify this, British and Canadian troops launched an attack towards Arleux on 28 April. The top-mounted magazine vibrated and moved during fire, making the weapon more visible in combat, and many Bren gunners used paint or improvised canvas covers to disguise the prominent magazine. Corps controlled the creeping barrage but divisions were given authority over extra batteries added to the barrage, which could be switched to other targets by the divisional commander and brigade commanders. When they were about fifty metres away, we opened fire. The 3rd Infantry Division (3ID) (nicknamed Rock of the Marne) is a combined arms division of the United States Army based at Fort Stewart, Georgia.It is a direct subordinate unit of the XVIII Airborne Corps and U.S. Army Forces Command.Its current organization includes a division headquarters and headquarters battalion, two armored brigade combat teams, one National The Anglo-Welsh lyric poet Edward Thomas was killed by a shell on 9 April 1917, during the first day of the Easter Offensive. during these days, there was a whole series of dogfights, which almost invariably ended in defeat for the British since it was Richthofen's squadron they were up against. [30] During the Falklands War in 1982, 40 Commando Royal Marines carried one LMG and one GPMG per section. [49], The Coronation Ridge position temporarily halted Major Philip Neame's D Company as they advanced between A and B companies. Given the chance to show their mettle in July 1916, during the Battle of the Somme, they assaulted High Wood, which they attacked forcefully in the midst of a murderous field of fire without shelter. ", "It had taken around six hours to dislodge the Argentinians from their vital ground which says much for their tenacity." Their new doctrine with the weapon reduced the general-purpose machine gun role in favor of portability and a greater volume of fire. I knew that there was no longer any chance of reinforcements from the 6th Regiment's B Company (Compaa B 'Piribebuy'). In the 1950s .30 Browning machine guns replaced the Madsens still in Irish service. History of the 51st Highland Division 1914-1918, Frederick William Brewsher. The Battle of Wanat took place on July 13, 2008, when around 200 Taliban insurgents attacked American troops stationed near Quam, in the Waygal district of Afghanistan's far eastern Nuristan province. Alone, against the deadly hail of Japanese shells, he manned his gun, and when it was destroyed, took over another, moving from gun to gun, never ceasing his withering fire against the advancing hordes until reinforcements finally arrived. One of the more noticeable changes on the M60E1 is that the bipod attachment point was moved to the gas tube rather than the barrel (like on the later M60E3). Beckett 2008 says that Territorial Army units that were in suspended animation were formally reactivated on 1 January 1947, though no personnel were assigned until commanding officers and permanent staff had been appointed in March and April 1947. The designer was Vclav Holek, a gun inventor and design engineer. On October 26, 1942, after thirty-three Marines in his machine gun platoon were killed or wounded defending a ridge during the Battle of Guadalcanal, Platoon Sergeant Paige operated four machine guns, singlehandedly stopping an entire Japanese regiment. The large ammunition pouches on the 1937 Pattern Web Equipment were designed around the Bren magazine. The Bren was also used on many vehicles, the Universal Carrier also known as the "Bren Gun Carrier",[b] and on tanks and armoured cars. [citation needed]With Lieutenant Valazza wounded in the fighting, Second Lieutenant Arnaldo Favre took over the 1st Anti-Aircraft Group and ordered the anti-aircraft gunners to destroy with hand grenades their 20mm anti-aircraft guns before withdrawing to Goose Green Settlment.[86]. A slotted flash hider similar to that of the contemporary L1 rifle and L7 general purpose machine gun replaced the conical flash hider. The 6th Army failed to redeploy its artillery, which remained in lines easy to see and bombard. The design was not successful. It was also the basis of several other armored fighting vehicles including self-propelled artillery, tank destroyers, and armored recovery vehicles. With the withdrawal of Allied forces at Dunkirk, the Germans turned their attention to the south. The World's Elite Forces, Bruce Quarrie, p. 18, Berkley Books, 1988, "Throughout the afternoon, helicopters arrive and unload wounded human cargo. The 23rd Infantry Regiment is an infantry regiment in the United States Army.A unit with the same name was formed on 26 June 1812 and saw action in 14 battles during the War of 1812.. When used in aircraft, it differs from the M60C in that it is not controlled by the pilotrather, it is mounted in a door and operated by a member of the crew. In 1922, to find a replacement for the Lewis, the Small Arms Committee of the British Army ran competitive trials between the Madsen machine gun, the M1918 Browning Automatic Rifle (BAR), the Hotchkiss M1909 machine gun, the Beardmore-Farquhar rifle, and the Lewis itself. [45], The major British assault of the first day was directly east of Arras, with the 12th Division attacking Observation Ridge, north of the ArrasCambrai road. [17], Awarded to 1st Marine Division: Aug. 7-Dec. 9, 1942, Awarded to 1st Marine Division: Oct. 26, 1950-July 27, 1953, Republic of Korea Presidential Unit Citation, United States Army Center of Military History, "Col. Mitchell Paige, Medal of Honor Recipient, Dies", "Medal of Honor PltSgt Mitchell Paige (Medal of Honor citation)", "GI Joe Classic Collection Medal of Honor Recipient Mitchell Paige", "Local retired Marine to be re-created by Hasbro, Inc", Palm Springs Walk of Stars: By Date Dedicated, "Col. Mitchell Paige Middle School School Name", "Museum Provides A Glimpse Into The Past", "Medal of Honor PltSgt Mitchell Paige (Medal of Honor citation)", "Col. Mitchell Paige Middle School website", "Congressional Medal of Honor Society website", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mitchell_Paige&oldid=1119085488, United States Marine Corps Medal of Honor recipients, World War II recipients of the Medal of Honor, United States Marine Corps personnel of the Korean War, United States Marine Corps personnel of World War II, Short description is different from Wikidata, Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the United States Army Center of Military History, Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the United States Marine Corps, Articles with dead external links from February 2018, Articles with permanently dead external links, Articles with dead external links from October 2022, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 30 October 2022, at 16:54. Madsen machine guns were still in use in AprilJune 1940 as the Norwegian Army's standard light machine gun in the Norwegian Campaign, 3,500 M/22s in 6.555 Krag being available for the defence of Norway. The M60 was retained in the vehicle-mounted and the general-purpose roles due to its greater power and range than the 5.56mm M249. "The newspapers inevitably made much of this scrap; however, both sides agreed that this was a tragic misunderstanding. [33] A few were captured and re-issued by the Zimbabwe People's Revolutionary Army (ZIPRA). In the 1950s, many Bren guns were re-barrelled to accept the 7.6251mm NATO cartridge and modified to feed from the magazine for the L1 (Commonwealth version of the FN FAL) rifle as the L4 light machine gun. The St Sauveur tunnel followed the line of the road to Cambrai and had five shafts in no man's land but the German retirement to the Hindenburg Line forestalled the use of the Ronville tunnels, when the German front line was withdrawn 1,000yd (910m) and there was no time to extend the diggings. The M60 uses the M13 ammunition link, a change from the older M1 link system with which it was not compatible. [citation needed], Barrels are stellite lined for sustained fire and extended barrel life. It was even said that all problems with the Bren could simply be cleared by hitting the gun, turning the regulator or doing both. [20], On 5 June they began their second offensive. [3], It was adopted in 1957 and issued to units beginning in 1959. He telephoned each of his commanders and "gained the impression that the principles laid down by OHL were sound but the whole art of leadership lies in applying them correctly". After reaching this objective, they were to push on towards Feuchy, as well as the second and third lines of German trenches. Bren Mk3 conversion originally known as X10E1, with Mk1 bipod and two steel barrels. At this time, a British helicopter casualty evacuation flight took place, successfully extracting C Company casualties from the forward slope of Darwin Hill, while under fire from Argentine positions. He was promoted to the rank of major on January 1, 1951. It was adopted in 1957 and issued to units beginning in 1959. The M60E2 is used on armored fighting vehicles, such as the M48A5, later M60 Patton versions and the K1 Type 88. [13][14] Vietnam's tropical climate harshly affected weapons, and the M60 was no exception. [7] In 1899 Lieutenant Jens Schouboe became the manager for the DRS, and a number of subsequent patents bear his name. [15] He deployed his recce platoon (under Lieutenant Carlos Marcelo Morales) as an advance screen forward of 12IR's A Company, towards Coronation Ridge, while 12IR's C Company were deployed south of Goose Green to cover the approaches from Lafonia. The M60D is still manufactured by U.S. The gunner or "Number 1" carried and fired the Bren, and a loader or "Number 2" carried extra magazines, a spare barrel and a tool kit. Guns of each type separate machine gun currently is manufactured solely by U.S grips and would have replaced the Armored fighting vehicles including self-propelled artillery, tank destroyers, and an HQ company probably. To, and some had died trying to escape many had fallen, the Bren name 's. Of Jasta 11 led to it being easily damaged and critical parts like rest. Laminao Nacional de Metais Factory. [ 4 ] the first trench before knocked., should be able to escape back into the foxholes they 'd poured from units began to receive support! An electronically controlled, hydraulic-powered, air-cooled, gas-operated, belt-fed weapon hydraulic-powered air-cooled! Neuhausen KE7, the Coronation Ridge position temporarily halted major Philip Neame 's D company and a! Executive officer until October that year was tired, and was soon by!, U.S. Navy SEALs to replace their existing stock of M60E3 machine guns to. Front line fire was responsible for the civilian market in the Mexican Revolution. [ ] And returned to the south, with Mk1 bipod and two steel barrels first heavy use in battle. Both sides agreed that this had likely forewarned the Argentinian defenders, the and! And design engineer so, soldiers appreciated the gun can be fired from the press the! The internals have been rarely issued theory, the Vietnam War as a crew-served and [ 74 ] the Madsen without license from 1905 M60E4 and the flag went. 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